The New Testament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New Testament - Essay Example The purpose of such a fulfillment is the witness of the disciple being taught that he or she should be salt and light. The foundational basis for witness is heart attitude or beatitude as popularly known. Eight attitudes of blessedness or four pairs are given to the disciple, which will cause them to be the influence they need to be, while enjoying blessedness. Verse 5 is just one of the eight stating, â€Å"Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth.† Jesus or the gospel writer reporting Jesus goes directly to basic precept of being an influence for maximum impact and recall, and then builds the argument in a manner which is recognizable to any Jew of that day, with the purpose of testimony and Christ likeness placed consequent to the basic precepts of life being elucidated. B. Form of this passage: The content and form of this passage is a typical of a sermon by Jesus where he reads out a text and then sits down, whereby he invites them for a closer look into what he has spoken about. In terms of the source there is only a single obvious parallel of this verse and style, which is in Luke 6 (Though closer scrutiny shows connectivity to many writing of the OT). Based on the two source theory, if disciple Matthew and Doctor Luke had sources for these it would have been ‘Q’ and not Mark. â€Å"The evidence points to the fact that both Matthew and Luke were referring to the same passage. â€Å"Luke 6:17 means a "plateau" in a mountainous area 21 and there are striking similarities between the two sermons, then how do we reconcile Matthew's "Blessed are the poor in spirit" and Luke's "Blessed are the poor"? Must one be more historical than the other on the basis of redaction critical criteria? Not on the basis of an evangelical use of the tools. Matthew is emphasizing the spiritual side and Luke the economic side of the same original saying. In other words, both are equally historical.† (Osborne, 199) C. Structure: While paral lelism is a Hebraic poetic style and The New Testament is written in Greek it must not be forgotten that it is quoting Jesus who is from a Hebraic cultural milieu. Hebraic poetic parallelism does not use rhyming words but rhyming ideas and there is great merit in seeing Matthew 5:3-10 through this lens D. Redaction: While redaction refers to the author acting as an editor to suit the original content to his own objectives for writing, it does not necessarily mean that the content is rendered corrupt. If this argument is to be based on the two-source theory, then there is the possibility that Matthew arranged chapter 5 to show logical continuity of the Old Testament in the new historical setting to set Jesus above the pharisaic figures and the pharisaic teachings. This is well stated by Robert Imperato â€Å" While Pharisees were claiming that their lifestyle and teachings were the fulfillment of Jewish life, Matthew’s Gospel was claiming that Jesus was the fulfillment of Jew ish life (Imperato, 16) E. Keywords: From the point of view that Matthew has used parallelism, the keywords of 5:5 would be â€Å"Meek† and â€Å"Inherit the earth†. The other keyword that needs to be considered is â€Å"Blessed† in terms the context of the passage as well as the verse being exegeted. These words then have to be understood in terms of it’

Legalization of Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Legalization of Marijuana Essay The terms ‘weed’ or ‘grass’ strike meaning to many Americans. When thinking of these terms, they are commonly associated with having the ‘munchies’ also known as being extremely hungry due to the side affects of smoking marijuana. What most Americans don’t realize is the benefits that can come from legalizing marijuana because their minds are clouded by the stereotypes associated with the average ‘pot smoker’. Dismiss the corny jokes and stereotypes for a second and consider the truths that are unveiled. In Timothy Egan’s â€Å"Give Pot a Chance,† Egan looks beyond the stigma of smoking weed and points out the benefits that will come from legalization. Although the government is wrongfully hindering us from legalizing marijuana, it should be a national wide policy due to the large benefit of tax regulations that will and has already arise. Egan starts his opinion with three main arguments: marijuana related drug wars, hypocrisy, and the most important argument he points out is the tax revenue that will be generated. Drug related wars are extremely prevalent today. Egan states that there are over 853,000 arrest made for marijuana related offenses. 60,000 people have been killed because of drug wars and violent crimes regarding the distribution of marijuana. Many people are being affected by the violence of the underground markets. He briefly goes over statistical numbers and significant data to further emphasize his argument for legalization. He quickly delves into the hypocrisy of not legalizing marijuana. He explains how our sports industry would completely collapse without all the legal drugs provided by various companies. Popular products include five-hour energy, red bull, and other pills for other uses. He points out how there were thousands of illnesses and fatalities regarding Five Hour Energy. This is an over the shelf product that can be obtained by anyone. In retaliation, Egan brings up how there are little to no people dying from marijuana ingestion. This also brings attention to one of the most common argument as to why people oppose legalization: that it is  unhealthy for the human body when taken in large doses. Although not explained very well, Egan points out the hypocrisy in the rationale of people thinking this way. Any substance taken in large doses is harmful to any human. Even something as healthy as water is bad in large doses. Although this is not a big part of his argument and does not explicitly say why marijuana is good for one or for the nation, it leads up to and adds to his claim of legalizing marijuana. The main argument for legalization and data that Egan gives is the tax revenue that will come from it. Egan arrives at this data by carefully studying the states that already have legalized medical marijuana including the District of Columbia and 18 other states. Washington State officials estimate that licensed marijuana stores will generate 532 million dollars in revenue every year. On top of that, legalization will decrease all the billions of dollars currently wasted on prosecuting and investigating marijuana cases. Money is being wasted on investigating marijuana cases while in reality most do not even get prosecuted or even fined. Since it is legal in some states and not others, enforcement of marijuana laws are clouded making the United States lose more money. If all states had the same rules it would be easier to regulate and gain an abundance of tax revenue from. Legalization of marijuana will benefit the United States as a nation. Egan agrees that a â€Å"whiff of positive and even monumental change is in the air†. He claims that legalization will benefit us tremendously in many ways, but specifically with the generation of revenue from tax. An influx of money from marijuana taxation would greatly help the United States with financial debt. Egan explicitly links his data to his claim by openly asking his audience to consider his data and apply it to the whole nation and then stating that the taxation would help the United States. He explains that the success from the state of Washington proves that other states will strive as well, thus adding to the success of the nation as a whole. Because there are so many issues and contradicting conflicts surrounding the issue of marijuana, Egan has to state his warrant to further emphasize his reasons for legalization and make apparent the change that could happen. The rhetor, Egan, suggests that the change will most likely happen by stating that â€Å"Obama is uniquely suited to make the argument for change. On his issue, he’ll have support from the libertarian right and the humanitarian left.† Egan implies that since 19 states have  already legalized the use of medical marijuana, many states will follow in their footsteps so it is only a matter of time. Unfortunately Egan had a very powerful qualifier that was not adequately explained. Egan implicitly argues that we, as a nation, should not wait for other states to slowly make the change to legalize. Obama and his administration have the power and more importantly the support to change it now. The lack of explaining this weakened a crucial part of his argument for national legalization. Egan believes national legalization should is needed soon rather than legalization by individual states. At the end of his speech he starts delving into his opinion he quickly adds how the law system is not enforced enough. Egan argues that with legalization nation wide, everyone would be on the same page, which is completely true. With nation wide legalization, the issue of use and abuse can be properly discussed and determined. He uses the example of alcohol and how campaigns against drunk driving have saved countless of lives when alcohol is so easy to obtain. This could be the same way as marijuana. With proper laws, marijuana could be regulated efficiently and safely. Unfortunately he only briefly states this and does not fully explain it clearly. He is implying that marijuana is a problem because congress has chosen to make it a problem because they decided not to deal with it. I thought this did not necessarily weaken his argument but left his audience thinking. Egan was successful at proving his point because of his strong claim, data, and warrant. He chose an engaging and interesting claim that is relatable to many Americans. The sets of data he chose to support his argument was tacitful because all Americans can benefit from money therefore everyone is in some way going to benefit from legalization. Egan makes clear the clouded stereotypes and stigma of marijuana and illuminates the truths involved. No matter our opinion or feelings on the issue, the presentation of information for the audience makes a very convincing argument. Work Cited: Egan, Timothy. Give Pot a Chance. Opinionator Give Pot a Chance Comments. New York Times, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. .

The Great Expectations | The Bildungsroman Novel

The Great Expectations | The Bildungsroman Novel Charles Dickens bildungsroman, Great Expectations (..), cannot help but impress upon the reader an overwhelming sense of guilt which permeates the novel at various levels. As the plot unfolds, the characters develop, however the sense of guilt remains unchanging until the primary character completes his transformation. Intertwined as guilt is as a theme with the other themes of crime and punishment and the fallacy of human error, which for the central character Pip, translates into a form of self-imposed guilt, Dickens narrator recounts the journey of the youthful Pip from a focus on false values to self-awareness and moral fortitude. Evident from the onset of the novel, the character Pip implicitly finds himself involved in the act of criminal complicity as he steals in order to aid the convict, Magwitch, and this initial act creates in the young boy feelings of immense guilt: My state of mind regarding the pilfering from which I had been so unexpectedly exonerated, did not impel me to frank disclosure; But I loved Joe perhaps for no better reason in those early days than because the dear fellow let me love him and, as to him, my inner self was not so easily composed. It was much upon my mind (particularly when I first saw him looking about for his file) that I ought to tell Joe the whole truth. Yet I did not, and for the reason that I mistrusted that if I did, he would think me worse than I was. The fear of losing Joes confidence, and of thenceforth sitting in the chimney-corner at night staring drearily at my for ever lost companion and friend, tied up my tongue. (33; ch. 6) From the onset of the novel therefore, the young Pip becomes embroiled in a world of criminal behavior where his guilt torments him. Instead of dissipating with time, Pips sense of guilt appears to overwhelm his consciousness until it appears to become an integral part of his character. As Dickens develops this theme, he uses a great deal of the novels atmosphere and settings to achieve his objective. As a child the youthful Pips world is bounded by the long black marshes, the black beacon by which the sailors steered and a gibbet with some chains hanging to it, which had once held a pirate (6; ch1). On the water there are the hulks, the prison-ships, and on the shore, there looms the battery with the guns which warn of prisoners escapes. Pips immediate consciousness is, in effect, bound by the literal manifestations of the criminal world. The physical bondage created by Dickens use of this dark, foreboding imagery underscores for Dickens the influence of the prospect of criminality which chronicles the life-path of his principal character. Explicit bondage translates for Pip into an implicit bondage: legally, he is bound in trade to Joe, while emotionally he is bound to Joe by gratitude. As a direct result of his meeting with Estella, and the perpetuation of severa l false values in his mind, he no longer views the honourable blacksmiths profession as an admirable career. Rather, the forge becomes Pips figurative prison, binding him to a lifestyle which now dissatisfies him. His aspirations have changed, thus he feels held captive and this mental dilemma adds to his cerebral turmoil: He feels guilty because he aspires to a different path, and in effect signing his own death warrant, dooming himself to the scaffold as he binds himself in apprenticeship to Joe: Here, in a corner, my indentures were duly signed and attested, and I was bound; Mr. Pumblechook holding me all the while as if we had looked in on our way to the scaffold to have these little preliminaries disposed ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Finally, I remember that when I got into my little bedroom I was truly wretched, and had a strong conviction on me that I should never like Joes trade. I had liked it once, but once was not now. (85-86; ch 13) In addition to the physical setting with which Dickens surrounds his principal character, many of Dickens other characters in the novel who interact with the principal character, serve the purpose of the thematic perpetuation of guilt and criminality. An interpretation of the text by Foucault, as a Panopticon, suggests that Pips guilt and criminality may be viewed through the actions of Orlick and Bentley Drummle: Orlick strikes Mrs. Joe with the leg iron (which Pip is guilty of providing and thus, to an extent making the crime possible), while Bentley Drummle becomes the tool through which Pip achieves gratification for Estellas treatment of him. Both characters by extension are physical representations of Pips secret desires for revenge upon the people who have wronged him. As they enact these crimes they also foster Pips guilt (Tambling, Bloom, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦).

Moby Dick :: essays research papers

Moby Dick is an extremely long novel written by Herman Melville. This book is an epic tale of a crazed sea captain hunting the whale that bit off his leg told through the eyes of a school teacher. As the story begins Ishmael is at the local boating dock looking for work. Ishmael being a school teacher has allot of time off as of the moment because the school is at recess, for what reason i don't know. He is in a tavern talking amongst the whalers. He asks if they know of any ships on witch he could board as a hand for the captain. One of the stories he receives is of a man named Ahab. He is offering good pay and good work for any man who wants to join him on his ship. the only problem is that people say that he is a rather evil man. Ishmael shes one of the ships hands and boards for a trip witch he will never forget. The ship sets sail and every thing seems to be going smoothly. Everything except one tiny detail, Ishmael hasn't seen the captain Ahab. He knows hes there because he has heard men talking to him, but Ishmael has yet to see him. When Ishmael finally dose see captain Ahab he is shocked. The man is a very evil looking person. Ishmael can see the fire in his eyes. He is shocked by the pure hatred of witch Ishmael speaks of Moby Dick, the whale who took his leg. Because Ahab comes off as such an evil man Ishmael doesn't want to become any sort of a friend of him. He develops a slight dislikement of him and begins to call him Stubb when he isn't around. As the story goes on it describes in very good detail what happens on their whaling trip. I don't know if this is a normal whaling trip or not because i don't do much whaling myself. Ishmael describes in great detail all actions taking place on the ship that he sees. Until one day. One day as this ship is sailing along a whale is spotted. It isn't just any whale though, it is Moby Dick. Ahab becomes what seems to be almost possessed. He is so enraged with the whale that he orders everything to be stopped and every man is to concentrate on killing the whale. He has every man loaded in to the whaling boats and he begins his chase. He shouts at his men, and screams at the whale. He curses it as if it were from hell.

My Future Essay

In the future I see myself studying The Natural Science Program, hopefully with a friend through my years in High School. After school I want to study into becoming a doctor, probably in another country than Sweden, hopefully France, which will be interesting. It will probably take up a lot of my free time but it will be worth it in the end. I will probably study alongside a friend, having him as my roommate which hopefully will make my studies enjoyable. Hopefully I’ll have a beautiful girlfriend while I’m studying to encourage me alongside my mother. I wouldn’t like to get married until I’m like 25 years old, any younger I would consider it kind of weird and I would want to enjoy the bachelor life a while before getting married On my spare time I would go out and meet some French girls and hang out with some friends. I’d like my life to be adventurous and fun, but that would be kind of hard to achieve due to the fact that studying to a doctor would take up a lot of my time. After I have achieved the job as a doctor or if I achieve it I will buy a nice house and a nice car that hopefully will attract girls. ï Å  When or if I become a father I do not want to become the over protective type just because of the fact that I don’t like when my parents behave that way for me, but I will set some boundaries. But of course I also know that it is for my own best, they do it because they love me.

The Reign of Terror essays

The Reign of Terror essays The French Revolutionary Committee of Public Safety, set up to protect the nation and people of France, ironically murdered thousands during what came to be known as the Reign of Terror. Maximilien Robespierre, the leader of the Committee, was put in charge to start the very successful French army and to protect against counter-revolutionary uprisings. The Committee sent thousands to their deaths by guillotine to protect against the enemies of the republic. In the end these actions by Robespierre sent him to his own death. On July 27, 1793, Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, where he became a very powerful figure in the French government. He opposed the extreme left, under Jacques Hebert, and the moderates, under Georges Danton. Both of these groups were arrested and saw the end at the guillotine. The Committee got its power from the Law of Suspects, which allowed them to arrest those who by their conduct, relations or language spoken or written, have shown themselves partisans of tyranny or federalism and enemies of liberty. Any of these people who were arrested were likely to be sentenced to death by guillotine. From the years 1793 to 1794 over 200,000 people were detained under the Law of Suspects. Over 10 thousand of these people were put in horrific jails where they perished. Another 20 to 40 thousand were put to death by guillotine. To help the Committee carry out all of the arrests they set up local authorities to create paramilitary forces. These forces became known as the instruments of Terror in the provinces. The Committee ruled with more sovereignty than the monarchies of the past. Robespierre pushed the use of force to protect his county that it led to the fall of the revolution and his own death. With the Committee killing off so many people it began to anger other political powers. The tensions between the new government and the people grew...

North Korea Nuclear Issue

North Korea Nuclear Issue In June 2009, the regime in North Korea declared that it would transform its plutonium stockpiles into nuclear weapons in response to the latest round of sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council to punish Pyongyang for going ahead with its nuclear testing programmes (MacAskill para. 1). Although analysts perceive the nuclear issue as an artificial crisis developed by North Korea for the objective of blackmailing the West, all indicators point to the fact that Pyongyang’s nuclear threat is real.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on North Korea Nuclear Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The regime is believed to be in possession of sufficient plutonium for at least six deadly nuclear bombs. Also, the regime is believed to be in possession of an estimated 8,000 spent fuel rods that could facilitate the harvesting of 6-8kgs of plutonium if they are reprocessed (MacAskill para. 10). According to nuclear analysts, this quantity is enough to manufacture one nuclear bomb. This paper purposes to discuss the threats posed by North Korea’s nuclear material, the basis of a rational settlement between the US and the regime, and the role of Japan and China in the whole process. A possible Nuclearization of North Korea will have a negative consequence on the whole of Asia. The prospects of nuclear armed North Korea will definitely pose a major hazard to South Korea, in addition to offering the regime a chance to enhance its policy of communizing the south (Evans para. 31). Allowing North Korea to arm itself with nuclear weapons may indeed occasion a nuclear domino outcome in the whole of Northeast Asia as other countries within the region may also want to arm themselves with nuclear weapons to counter or neutralize Pyongyang’s nuclear capacity. Such an arrangement will inarguably threaten world peace, in addition to putting the entire Asian region in the whirlpool of a nuclear arms race. This would definitely lead to a nuclear proliferation cascade in the region due to the fact that countries such as Japan, South Korea and Taiwan will be offered the incentives to arm themselves with nuclear weapons. Given the nature and temperament of leaders in the regime, a nuclear armed North Korea will definitely occasion aggressive activities, further destabilizing the Northeast region in particular and the whole world in general (Barry 41). Finally, if the regime in North Korea disintegrates or is toppled when in possession of nuclear arsenal, the world peace will be undeniably threatened by the loose nuclear weapons which may find their way into renowned terrorist networks such as the Taliban and alQaeda.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many Analysts believe that a suitable settlement between the US and North Korea on the nuclear issue cannot be achie ved by taking hard-line stances or branding the regime in North Korea ‘an axis of evil’ as former US president George Bush once said during his State of The Union address (Evans para. 42). Also, a peaceful solution to the issue cannot be realized by criminalizing North Korea’s nuclear activities, and thereby seeking for blanket punishment. One of the most viable options in the quest of finding a long-lasting solution to the nuclear issue is the use of dialogue and diplomacy. Bilateral consultations between the US and the defiant North Korea as well as multilateral consultations between the US and North Korea’s neighbours in Northeast Asia will definitely bring results (Sang-Jin 12). Some critics may want to point out that such talks have been tried before and failed. Comprehensive research reveals that these bilateral and multilateral talks fail since stakeholders, especially the US, goes into the talks with a predetermined course of action (Barry 41). Thi s should be discouraged since the talks must be flexible and appealing to both sides. To secure the world peace, the nuclear issue pitying the US and North Korea should be solved through a give-and-take framework (Barry 41). Incentives and disincentives should be used rather than threats of military intervention to ensure the North Korean regime stops its nuclear ambitions. The role of China and Japan in the peaceful resolution of the nuclear issue is both critical and urgent. China, for instance, has more communication conduits with the North Korean regime than any other country as it supplies it with food and fuel (Evans para. 50). As such, China can be influential in convincing the regime to surrender its nuclear ambitions in exchange of incentives such as financial and technological aid. Beijing’s proactive diplomacy can be constructively used to resolve the impending destructive crisis (NTI para. 4). This is because China has played the role of an arbiter to the crisis, and is averagely respected by the generals in Pyongyang. During times when the nuclear issue seems to get out of control, China has always found a way of appealing to both the US and Pyongyang to exercise restraint and flexibility, not mentioning the fact that it has been at the forefront in arranging tripartite meetings between the US, North Korea and Beijing to discuss the issue.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on North Korea Nuclear Issue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Japan’s role in the whole process cannot be underestimated. Although Japan has a direct interest in the whole issue due to its captured people during the cold war (Parry para. 3), it has continued to normalize its relationship in ways that would contribute to the wellbeing, peace and stability of the region. Japan has indeed hosted several bilateral and multilateral meetings while pursuing active diplomacy instead of blatant threats to ensure that an amicable solution is found. Barry, M.P. North Korea Requires Long-Term Strategic Relationship with the US. International Journal on World Peace, 24:37-41. Evans, L. Two Panels Debate U.S. – North Korea Nuclear Options. UCLA Asia Institute. 2003. Web. MacAskill, E. North Korea Declares all-Out Push for Nuclear Weapons. The Guardian. 2009. Web. NTI. China and the North Korean Nuclear Issue. 2003. Web. Parry, R.L. North Korea’s Nuclear Deal Leaves Japan Feeling Nervous. Times Online. 2005. Web. Sang-Jin, S. Chinese role in solving the DPRK’s Nuclear Programme: A Korean Perspective. 2004. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Public Defender System

Public Defender System In reference to putting pressure on defendants to accept prosecutors plea deals: describe how the public defender system can operate more effectively, efficiently, and cost benefit Public defenders are all those prosecutors and attorneys who provide â€Å"legal representation of criminal defendants who are indigent (that is, those who are poor and cannot afford a lawyer)† (Levinson, 2002). There are lots of situations, which may considerably improve the public defender system.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Defender System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In case, when pressure is put on defendants to accept certain prosecutors plea deals, the public defender system has more chances to operate efficiently and effectively because of several reasons. First, psychological factor is one of the major ones, which turn out to be helpful during the cases. Defendants may be prepared to certain question s, however, it is not that difficult to catch them and start using some personal information to accept plea deal. This is why the psychological factor should be taken into consideration. Of course, to present more efficient public defender system, it is necessary to use the existed laws and present real life and legal examples of punishment. If this pressure does not have enough legal background, the results may be disappointing for any side. Putting pressure on defendants helps to incriminate even bigger criminals. Lots of defendants cannot even imagine that pressure during the case may lead to unpredictable confessions. However, prosecutors should take into consideration that this pressure may lead the defendant to accept a plea deal in exchange for real testimony. In this case, the case will get another course, and more evidences have to be gathered again. Taking into consideration the above-mentioned outcomes of pressure on defendants, it is possible to conclude that the public defender system may be improved, if prosecutors try to use checked evidences and proper psychological evaluation of the case. This is why prosecutors have to take psychological courses to ask the question and put pressure in a proper way.Advertising Looking for research paper on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In reference to heavy caseload per attorney: describe how the public defender system can operate more effectively, efficiently, and cost benefit Many people admit that heavy caseload per attorney is considered to be one the areas that considerably affect the public defender system. Heavy caseload per attorney may cause because of racial issues, as people of one race want to choose an attorney of the same race in order to be sure that the attorney of the same race will do more to protect a defendant. In this case, an attorney has not much time on each case, and the chances to present reliable and helpful in formation may decrease. Another reason of heavy caseload per attorney is the financial side. Some attorney ask more money for their services, however, lots of people do not have such sum of money, this is why those attorney, who try to meet and comprehend the financial troubles of defendants may have heavy caseload. To improve the public defender system, it is better to develop proper requirements for all attorneys in order to divide their duties and have the same amount of caseloads. When an attorney has enough time and energy to analyze the case, the results may be rather beneficial. Some attorneys have numerous friends, who are eager to find more help and support from a particular attorney. This is why close relations to the defendant may also decrease the level of attorney’s services: people try to look for some benefits even by means of friends and other people. To my mind, it is better to create a system that the work between the attorneys should be divided rationally: people should be prejudiced with the ideas of race inequality and gender discrimination. It is better for attorney to pass some tests to prove their devotion to the work but not to money or racial biases. In this case, the public defendant system will be much more beneficial.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Defender System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Levinson, D. (2002). Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment: Volumes I-IV. SAGE.

Should Environmental Rights be inserted into the Canadian Charter of Essay

Should Environmental Rights be inserted into the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Essay Example Through the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canadians are afforded the right to life, liberty of expression, security and protection from discrimination. However, these liberties and rights can only work against themselves if the people are not allowed to enjoy them with the right to be in healthy environments. To this end, this paper will critically evaluate why environmental rights should be inserted into the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Approaching the protection of certain rights through statutory and constitutional means is a practical and achievable initiative and, in the present age of global warming, all citizens in the world, including future generations, are entitled to protection from unhealthy environments. Therefore, the Canadian federal government must consider how the rights of its citizens to an environment that is balanced ecologically and healthy are ensured, both through statutory and constitutional means. Denying Canadians the right to live in healthy environments cannot be justified. Since a nation’s Constitution defines its people in more ways than just a simple set of legal instructions, it should also exemplify their highest values and aspirations. Therefore, as the supreme law of the land, it is only fair that the Canadian Constitution mirrors its people’s connection to their environment which sustains health and life. Sadly, in the industrialized world, Canada ranks extremely po orly in terms of environmental performance. According to a survey conducted by the Center for Global Development, based in Washington, Canada was placed 27th out of 27 among the industrialized countries (Erin 61). From this, there is evidently an urgent need to include environmental rights in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This will also serve the purpose of confirming the federal government’s public trust obligation of protecting the environment under its authority.

Health Quality Care Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Quality Care Administration - Essay Example (Kilpatrick and Johnson 856-857). External feedback mechanism: Survey is the most common, reliable and valid method to gather feedback from external customers who mainly are the patients for a health care facility. The instrument of survey is a rigorously prepared questionnaire using Likert or Yes/No scales. Likert scales provide better perception as it is a labeled scale for e.g. patient attributes may be between 'excellent to poor'. A three to five point scale is used commonly while a seven-point scale is rare. A survey may be telephonic or mailed (Lloyd 40-43). The most commonly used method to collect information from clients is survey. The survey is useful for assessment of services and product at pre admission, at the point of service and post service care. The advantages of survey are its generalizability, provides comparative data, and continuity of monitoring. It is easy and fast to implement. It, though, requires appropriate instruments and protocols. The focus group is reportedly is a small representative sample of target population. It is a one to one and one-half hour discussion by the group of 8 to 14 persons implemented by a professional. The focus group results are usually compared with a survey result. One more method to hear voice of the customer is Observation, A least expensive method. The staff member closely watches the happenings at a location during a specific time period. Personal interviews provide rich information by direct interaction provided a skilled interviewer does it. An Unsolicited feedback is for what usuall y overlooked in health care for e.g. a patient not satisfied with something demands meeting the manager immediately (Lloyd 40-43, Kilpatrick and Johnson 701-702). c) Please explain the strengths and weaknesses of "focus groups" that are frequently used for this process. The advantages of focus group are: 1. A focus group does not require large samples it is a small group of upto 15 participants. 2. The information from focus group is useful in getting quantitative data of the target population by a larger sample 3. It helps in finding new concerns in the population for improvement of services or products accordingly 4. It has very high flexibility on account of very small sample size (Lloyd 40-44). Disadvantages: 1. Provide only qualitative information that is not always a representative of target population 2. Highly qualified facilitators are required else the results may not be of any use. 3. It is non anonymous as it is obvious who is expressing opinion d) Use the text and Hospital Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study (HCAHPS) website to create a survey that can be used in your healthcare facility. The health care facility survey are carried out for hospital, in- center haemodialysis and nursing homes to know patients opinion about care and services in these facilities. The questionnaire has 1-22 mandatory questions of a National initiative sponsored by the United States Department of Health and Human Services to measure the quality of care in hospitals and rest, 23-27, are on background of the patient. This CAHPS questionnaire1 adopted by H-CAHPS is to get

International finance assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International finance assessment - Essay Example A notable weakness of the theory emanates from the counter-intuitive nature of the comparative advantage principle. This means that the assumptions made by the theory defy logic. The other weakness of the comparative advantage theoretical assumptions is that they can be confused with the assumptions made by the absolute advantage theory. As such, people may contradict the assumptions made by this theory with the assumptions made by the absolute advantage approach (Carbaugh, 2011). In most cases, Multinational Corporations tend to stand out as more competitive than domestic firms. This emanates from the fact that these firms deal with a diverse variety of goods and services, thus motivating people to purchase from them. In addition, multinational corporations employ modern forms of technology, which enable them to meet the needs of the customers. Large scale production by multinational corporations can also be regarded as another factor that contributes to their competitiveness. With mass production, these firms can meet the market demands of the customers since they produce in large quantities, thus reducing the shortages in the market. The other reason why MNEs thrive at the expense of local firms is because they sell goods at a lower price than domestic firms. Since they do not incur high production costs (because they use advanced technology), MNEs can price goods at an affordable price (Carbaugh, 2011). There are various forms of comparative advantage, which can be regarded as different based on a number of factors. One of the forms of comparative advantage includes absolute advantage, which states that one of the countries taking part in international trade has the capacity to have a higher output in every unit produced than the other country. For example, one country can have high output of coffee in each of the units of the product that it produces. Based on comparative advantage, when one of the countries has a

Are banks losing their traditional role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are banks losing their traditional role - Essay Example However, over the last few years, banking has changed radically and is expected to continue changing in a foreseeable future. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the principal functions of banks, the emerging challenges and the impact of market and global dynamism on the future of banks and banking institutions. The types of institutions performing banking business have been changing. Banks seem to be foregoing their traditional role. In many countries, the income coming off-balance sheet exceeds the income coming from the traditional intermediary roles in finances. Banks have become financial services organizations. The actual role of banks is increasingly becoming ambiguous since it is no longer clear what banks are or the details of the businesses they conduct. The actual definition of a bank seems to be missing. This has caused banks to be under intensive regulations compared to many financial institutions. Banks the world over are experiencing formidable challenges. Banking institutions have been losing their past monopolies and perceived comparative advantages. These attributes have underpinned the dominant positions taken by the banks in the financial systems. Banks are increasingly facing stiff competition from potential or actual suppliers of banking services (Fredrick 2005). Some of these include non-financial institutions of banking, capital markets, non-banking institutions of finances and money markets. The entry of electronic banking has caused the retail banking markets to become relatively closed (Skinner 2007). This has made it difficult for the foreign banks to enter into such markets. In other cases, the corporate clients are considering having in-house banks. Under this initiative, the banking operations are conducted through internalized banking operations. This is forcing banks to shed staff and closed down branches. The entry of new technologies and alternative means of banking services delivery is pushing banks to the reconsider rest ructuring to meet the demands of the dynamic nature of the market (Skinner 2007). Banks have been squeezed by inroads affecting their conventional businesses and ever growing competition, banks are swiftly expanding to unit trusts, insurance and life insurance sectors (King 2010). As these trends emerge, banking institutions have been coerced to conduct major structural changes in their mode of operations. Major structural changes have been emerging in the financial systems. There has been a push to increase the strength of institutions that deal with saving and investment businesses (Gap 2003). These institutions have a growing role in the modern financial systems. At the same time, the financial markets have been experiencing extreme dynamism. The world is having complex financial instruments and globalised financial markets. The role of the managers of institutional funds has been on the rise in the financial markets (Skinner 2007). The traditional distinctions between financial institutions have been gradually eroded. New financial suppliers have been entering the markets at an increasing rate. There seems to be a declining share of bank loans in the corporate sector borrowing (Skinner 2007). The money markets mutual funds have experienced tremendous growth. The business of the corporate lending has been steadily declining which the financial mar

Modern Dance Figure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Dance Figure - Essay Example Among those who started such changes was Isadora Duncan who looked towards Greek culture as an inspiration to different movement forms and later danced with bare feet and simple garbs (van Rensburg) to make her feel more freely and control her movements that express the resistance and yielding of one’s self to gravity. Chopin and Liszt were dictated her choreography. Ruth St. Denis, a contemporary of Duncan on the other hand, sought ethnic and Asian dance style and later shared her talent and discoveries in Denishawn, a dance company she established with her husband. She taught and choreographed dance movements which were immortalized by the joint efforts of Katherine Dunham and Pearl Primus who continued to work on her style. Another contemporary in the person of Mary Wigman, looked to African and Orient culture where she widely made us of masks (van Rensburg). Towards the middle of the twentieth century, the second wave of modern dancers flourished in New York and were repre sented by Martha Graham, Doris Humphrey and Charles Weidman who danced with Denishawn and another dancer from the Wigman company. However, unlike their teachers who looked for external inspirations, they turned to basic human movements like walking, running, breathing, sitting among others and transformed them to aesthetic movements expressed in dances. Graham concentrated in the breathing process and improved her movements from there, using them as she indulged in the narrative structure. Humphrey on the other hand used the natural dynamic of human footfall expressing fall and recovery (van Rensburg). Twyla Tharp who came later, combined the styles of the aforementioned early dancers and choreographers with that of the ballet and social dances which is now largely reflected in the ‘modern’ modern dance. P. Diddy, one of the modern dancers nowadays, expresses the combination of the aforementioned dance styles in his dance movements. He is a living legacy of those who ca me before him who valued dance movements to express their thoughts and emotions. Diddy’s dance is under the genre of hip-hop and break dance, which reflects his expressions in his songs. Sometimes, Diddy just seems to be walking, a reflection of the second wave of modern dance perception who incorporated natural human phenomena in their dance steps. Most of Diddy’s steps are simple and basic so that he is criticized as one who cannot really dance or does not know how to dance. His skills in other ventures like business probably affected his patronage in the entertainment industry, coupled by his being linked to modern famous personalities like Jennifer Lopez. His dramatic and controversial lifestyle probably influenced his fame in the industry which is also basically reflected in his music and his dance. This made him a figure who young people could relate with, reflecting the life of a bad boy who freely expresses himself the way he wants to, going beyond the freedom one should have in doing anything he pleases, unmindful of what norms and people suggest. P. Diddy is able to reach out to the adolescents, strengthened by the effects of media and other entertainment figures, to express one’s freedom in whatever means one can have. The simplicity of Diddy’s dance is also an encouragement to those who are not skilled in dancing, or it

Reading Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Review - Assignment Example Theses artists perceived revolutionary leftist politics as the sole hope against abuse and violence. They therefore placed hope in political art as opportunities to bring change. To communicate to masses of people, the artists organized realism, a style that most people preferred and understood (Barber 31). Some artists such as Diego Rivera used their art to protest social ills. In 1950, Rivera created an artistically huge, multi-layered mural in Mexico City. He drew his ideas from the early colonial manuscripts, Pre-Columbian sculpture, and historical accounts to compose idealistic portraits of utopian Indian traditions, on-going resistance to the dominant Spaniards, and radical assault on imperialist vices. Rivera’s use of new technologies in art was used to protest social evils and had clear appeal to leftist politics, an appeal that expanded to the U.S during the age of depression. Most of researches from art works indicate that femininity failed to fulfill most of the requirements of traditional art history. In the 19th century, these practical limitations did not affect women as much, but in the early years of the 20th century, women were gradually marginalized from paintings. Women, whose reputed powers were in intuition and emotions as opposed to reason were perceived as incapable of delivering symbolic and intellectual arts properly. History art depends on a clear creation of articulated texts, where texts are clearly employed to meet discursive objectives. Similarly, the temperaments needed of a history artist begun to be gendered as â€Å"masculine† thus implying that none of the women artists would have the frame of mind essential to create significant historical art. Since art displayed and needed judgment and imagination; a couple of components of reason, they were traditionally associated with masculinity. A notion came

Are banks losing their traditional role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are banks losing their traditional role - Essay Example However, over the last few years, banking has changed radically and is expected to continue changing in a foreseeable future. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the principal functions of banks, the emerging challenges and the impact of market and global dynamism on the future of banks and banking institutions. The types of institutions performing banking business have been changing. Banks seem to be foregoing their traditional role. In many countries, the income coming off-balance sheet exceeds the income coming from the traditional intermediary roles in finances. Banks have become financial services organizations. The actual role of banks is increasingly becoming ambiguous since it is no longer clear what banks are or the details of the businesses they conduct. The actual definition of a bank seems to be missing. This has caused banks to be under intensive regulations compared to many financial institutions. Banks the world over are experiencing formidable challenges. Banking institutions have been losing their past monopolies and perceived comparative advantages. These attributes have underpinned the dominant positions taken by the banks in the financial systems. Banks are increasingly facing stiff competition from potential or actual suppliers of banking services (Fredrick 2005). Some of these include non-financial institutions of banking, capital markets, non-banking institutions of finances and money markets. The entry of electronic banking has caused the retail banking markets to become relatively closed (Skinner 2007). This has made it difficult for the foreign banks to enter into such markets. In other cases, the corporate clients are considering having in-house banks. Under this initiative, the banking operations are conducted through internalized banking operations. This is forcing banks to shed staff and closed down branches. The entry of new technologies and alternative means of banking services delivery is pushing banks to the reconsider rest ructuring to meet the demands of the dynamic nature of the market (Skinner 2007). Banks have been squeezed by inroads affecting their conventional businesses and ever growing competition, banks are swiftly expanding to unit trusts, insurance and life insurance sectors (King 2010). As these trends emerge, banking institutions have been coerced to conduct major structural changes in their mode of operations. Major structural changes have been emerging in the financial systems. There has been a push to increase the strength of institutions that deal with saving and investment businesses (Gap 2003). These institutions have a growing role in the modern financial systems. At the same time, the financial markets have been experiencing extreme dynamism. The world is having complex financial instruments and globalised financial markets. The role of the managers of institutional funds has been on the rise in the financial markets (Skinner 2007). The traditional distinctions between financial institutions have been gradually eroded. New financial suppliers have been entering the markets at an increasing rate. There seems to be a declining share of bank loans in the corporate sector borrowing (Skinner 2007). The money markets mutual funds have experienced tremendous growth. The business of the corporate lending has been steadily declining which the financial mar

Reading Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Review - Assignment Example Theses artists perceived revolutionary leftist politics as the sole hope against abuse and violence. They therefore placed hope in political art as opportunities to bring change. To communicate to masses of people, the artists organized realism, a style that most people preferred and understood (Barber 31). Some artists such as Diego Rivera used their art to protest social ills. In 1950, Rivera created an artistically huge, multi-layered mural in Mexico City. He drew his ideas from the early colonial manuscripts, Pre-Columbian sculpture, and historical accounts to compose idealistic portraits of utopian Indian traditions, on-going resistance to the dominant Spaniards, and radical assault on imperialist vices. Rivera’s use of new technologies in art was used to protest social evils and had clear appeal to leftist politics, an appeal that expanded to the U.S during the age of depression. Most of researches from art works indicate that femininity failed to fulfill most of the requirements of traditional art history. In the 19th century, these practical limitations did not affect women as much, but in the early years of the 20th century, women were gradually marginalized from paintings. Women, whose reputed powers were in intuition and emotions as opposed to reason were perceived as incapable of delivering symbolic and intellectual arts properly. History art depends on a clear creation of articulated texts, where texts are clearly employed to meet discursive objectives. Similarly, the temperaments needed of a history artist begun to be gendered as â€Å"masculine† thus implying that none of the women artists would have the frame of mind essential to create significant historical art. Since art displayed and needed judgment and imagination; a couple of components of reason, they were traditionally associated with masculinity. A notion came

Signal Theory Essay Example for Free

Signal Theory Essay In this assignment I am going to describes different types of communication devices. For example Switches, Routers, etc. Then I am going to explain the principles of signal theory. After this I will look at In Manchester encoding the signal synchronizes itself. This is an advantage because this will decrease the error rate and optimize the reliability. But on the other hand it is also a disadvantage because the amount of bits sent in the original signal when transmitted has be twice the amount of bits from the original signal. Differential Manchester Also known as Conditioned Diphase (CDP). It is a encoding method which uses data and clock signal as fused to create a self-synchronizing data steam. Similar to Manchester encoding it uses present or absent transitions to represent logical value. Made from Copper, PVC, Plastic Length:100 M Speed:100 Gbit/s Extremely fast and less interference Incredibly expensive and mostly likely be manufactured till 2013 Bluetooth Mostly Copper for the circuitry, Plastic for casing. Length: 100 M Speed:1 Gbit/s Send from cell phones, do not need wires to connect, Most of the phone are equipped with it Open and other people can access your phone if not protected. Quite slow when sending and receiving on a cell phone. Infrared Receiver, Antenna and Transmitter, Copper Plastic Length: 40 km Speed: 4 Mbit/s Shorter wave than microwaves, not as harmful. Less interference. Microwaves Antenna Receiver. Length: 1 M Speed: 300 GHz Good for sending data over longer distances Dangerous, if something that uses microwaves e. g. cell phone for too long. Too much interference Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Signal Transmitter. Length: 95 M Speed: 5 GHz Usable anywhere in the house, can even be used as a hotspot in public places e. g. airports, cafi , etc Other people can also access it so many connections can make it slow. Satellite Dish and a satellite in orbit Length: 22,000 Miles Speed: 40 Mbit/s Connection from anywhere in the world. Delay of up to 500 millisecond due to rain or moisture. Fibre Optic LED/Laser Connector. Glass, Plastic, PVC. Length: 40,000 Speed: 10 Gbit/s Extremely fast speeds can be achieved without the use of switches, hubs, etc over long distances Simply expensive to buy. Radio Transmitter Receiver Length: 100 Miles Speed: 300 GHz Available anywhere in the world. Very limited range and gets easily affected by interference. Name Specification Advantages Disadvantages Coaxial Diameter: 6 mm / Resistance: 85. 2 km Capacity: 70 km at 1KHz Cheap. 500 meters length. It very reliable Expensive and hard to install Fibre Optic Diameter: 2 microns. Good for transmission over long distance because it is immune to magnetic interference. Electrical interference protected. Stretches up to 3000 meters. No noise is generated Very expensive and over time the sent signal will get weaker because of signal reflecting. UTP/Cat. 5 Foiled and uses copper wire. Stretches up to 100 meters. Easy installation and transmission rates reaching up to 1 Gbps. Very open to interferences. STP Foiled and also uses copper wire. Shielded. Length up to 100 meters. Transmission rates between 10-100 Mbps Expensive heavy and big in physical size. Radio Uses antenna to transmit. Signal can be refracted. No wires needed and very long distances capable. Signal gets weaker the more time taken to reach the destination. Security is a problem very open for hackers. LAN This is type of network which covers a small office, home or a school network. A LAN uses either wired Ethernet or wireless RF technology. Using a LAN can be much easier when there is a printer available or sharing a file throughout the network. Updating software is much easier because updating software will automatically update all the other softwares. LAN has much higher transmission rates because it is wired connection rather than wireless. Ethernet and Wi-Fi as most widely used technologies, however many others such as token rings have been used before. This relates to standard IEEE 802. 2. This standard allows two connectionless and one connection orientated operational mode: Type 1 which allows frames to be sent to a single destination or multiple destinations on the same network is a connectionless mode. Type 2 is the oriented operational connection mode. In this mode it uses something called sequence numbering which makes sure that when the data is send it gets to the destination in the correct order and not a single frame has been lost. Type 3 which is also a connectionless service, but only support point to point communication. Infrared is related to this service because in computer infrared network it can receive and transmit data either through the side of the device or the rear side of the device. When connections are made using Microsoft Windows Infrared the same method used for LAN connections can be used. Infrared technology has been extended to allow more than two computers to be connected semi permanent networks. The advantage of a LAN is that the same physical communication path can be shared by multiple devices. For example it there is a printer, a computer and the internet connection the LAN will allow connections to the printer and it will also allow connections to the internet. If a software is loaded onto the file server that all the computers on the network can use it. There are quite a few drawbacks of a LAN network. For example security measures need to be taken so that users cannot access unauthorised areas. It is quite hard to setup the network. Skilled technicians are needed to maintain the network. Yet the biggest disadvantage is that if the file server goes down than all the other computers on the network are affected as well. WAN This type of network covers a wider area. It is used over high speed, long distance communications such as computers in two different areas. A WAN can also be shared. For example two occupants in two buildings can share the wireless connection to a third person, or a business or anyone or anything they wish to do so. Data is safe, secure and quick when it is transmitted between two computers. WAN can also be used to connect different types of networks together for example a WAN network connected to a LAN networks. The reason behind this is that it is AppleTalk. It is a cheap LAN architecture which is a standard model built for all Apple Macintosh computers and laser printers. It also supports Apple LocalTalk cabling scheme as well as Ethernet and IBM token ring. AppleTalk can connect to standard computers which do not have AppleTalk. This all relates to FDDI standard which stands for Fibre Distributed Data Interface. It is a backbone of a wide area network. It uses fibre optic cable to transmit data up to supported rate of 100 Mbps. An advantage of a WAN it allows secure and fast transmission between two computers. Data transmission is inexpensive and reliable. Sharing a connection is easy as well because it allows direct connectivity. A WAN also allows sharing of software and resources to other workstations connected on the network. Disadvantage of a WAN network is that the signal strong all the time so anyone trying to hitchhike a connection can use the WAN connection it is not protected. WAN are slow and expensive to set-up. They also need a good firewall to stop intruders using the connection. Networking Mediums Different types of medium are used for different types of topologies. Coaxial Cable It is normally used to connect telecommunication devices which used for broadband connection which use high transmission rates to transfer data. The cable is insulated using a braided shield which is also known as a screen. It protects the cable from electromagnetic interference. It has higher capacity than a standard copper wire. Therefore it allows radio frequencies and television signals to be transmitted. Various types of coaxial cables are available which can be used for thin Ethernet which are used for networking 10Mbps connections lengthening up to 200 meters. There is also thick Ethernet cable is also used for 10Mbps connections but stretching up to 500 meters. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) coaxial cable has been used in the past when building networking using thick or thin Ethernet. Ethernet cables quite expensive but they are still used because they carry more data then a telephone wire and it is less susceptible to interference. Optical Fibre Optical fibre also known as a fibre optic cable uses light to transmit data. Light is made using a laser or LED is sent down a fibre which is thin strand of glass. Fibre optic is about 2 microns in diameter which is 15 times thinner than a single human hair. Optic fibre is not affected by electromagnetic interference. It is cable of higher than data transmission rates, ideal for broadband usage. Fibre optics are manufactured in two different types the single mode and multi mode. The difference between the two is quite obvious single mode uses one beam of light to transmit data to longer distance of around 3 km but the multimode uses multiple beams of light to transmit data but only to shorter distance of 2 km. This allows more data to be sent simultaneously. It is normally used for broadband transmission as mentioned before because it is faster at transmission than any other cable currently available. Fibre optic also has an advantage of long distance transmission because light propagates through the fibre with little attenuation compared to electric cables. Not many repeaters are needed for long distance. Data travelling using the fibre can reach rates of unto 111 Gbps. Fibre optics also restrict high voltages travelling from end to end of a fibre to another end. It also restricts cross talk and environmental noise between signals transmitting to different cables. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) UTP and STP both use copper wires which are known to man as one of the oldest types of transmission media methods. STP is insulated with a metallic plastic foil which is all under the plastic sheath. This insulating is expensive to make thats why it is more expensive than normal cable. Even though STP cable is shielded there is still crosstalk. It cannot be eliminated. Both UTP STP individual wires are twisted together so it creates there is less crosstalk. Core of each of the type of cable is a very good conductor and easy to work with. Media which can be used with UTP is internet, because it is easy to install, maintain, less expensive and allows higher transmission rates. The media used with STP is also internet, but it is more expensive and difficult to install. The advantage is that there is less interference. It is difficult to install because it has to be grounded at both ends. Improper grounding will result I metallic shielding acting as a antenna and it will pick up unwanted signals. Due to the cost and difficult to install and maintain it is hardly used in Ethernet networks. It is mainly used in Europe. Crosstalk Crosstalk means that signal that are transmitting in different circuits interfering with each other. Crosstalk happens because unwanted signals interfere with another channel transmitting undesirably. Electrical Noise Noise is when an electrical signal is transmitted across a wire which is not the sent signal by the user, but it is another signal which has been picked up randomly. Twisted pair cables eliminate the interference because they are twisted with each other so they cancel out each other. The thickness and varied insulation of a cable and its capacitance of the wires will cause noise. For example when there is communication on a telephone and either person cannot hear the message clearly this is caused by noise affecting the signal. This is known as crosstalk, as mentioned before crosstalk is when signal is affected by electromagnetic field around a wire. Electric noise cannot be eliminated but can be minimized by taking caution. Keep cables away from electrical equipments and shield the cable weather it is a fibre optic or a STP. Checksum It is a method used for error-checking the received data against a calculated checksum. For example when a data is received by the designated node the checksum error detection method will create a new calculation and check it against the old calculation to check weather the same result it received. This makes sure the data has not been altered in any way when it was transmitting.

Soviet Union and the United States

Soviet Union and the United States A. Plan of the Investigation â€Å"What were the significant differences in the internal dynamics of the Soviet Union and the United States during Cold War?† As one of the most enduring and intense disputed conflicts to mark history, the cold war presents the evidence underlined for the international relations of today. The complex internal factors coming from the ideological, economic and political differences between the United States and the Soviet Union are the main focus of my investigation. These differences were intensified as WWII ended as well as with the economic competition for world leadership. As this question is related more to analysis than to reports, the use of primary as well as secondary sources through speeches and interpretations via informative books will be employed. For the fulfilling nature of this question, I will analyze the differing dynamics between the two most powerful countries of the late 20th century. This investigation makes the developing relationship between these countries the focal point, thus supplying me with suitable research gear for the emergent essay. B.Summary of Evidence In the years that marked the Cold War, a new standard towards world leadership was formed. The intricate and vital aspect of the dispute between the US and the USSR in the concept of ideology begins with their cultural differences. The main difference in ideals lies with the manner in which the nation is administered. The conflict was vastly involved with the spectrum of mindset between the two regimes. Both peoples found no content in discussing matters where their ways were seemed as irrational. The United States held a government of democracy, where the people had the solemn right to vote for their leader.[1] They are able to vote for leaders they want who can rise from any political party. The opposite stood for the Soviet Union, their administration was led by one ruler, all powerful and undisputed. He was given the role of dictator, and the government was fully communist, hostility began to grow between them.[2] Men are chosen as leaders of the U.S. by democratic elections. Jos eph Stalin ruled until 1953 when he passed away, at which time Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin won a struggle against Stalins successor, Georgi Malenkov, and chief of secret police Lavrenti Beria.[3] Bulganin became the one with power, but Khrushchev, in power of the Communist Party, soon became the dominant figure, he received power as the new dictator of the USSR.[4] By 1964, the Soviet Union was beginning to be led by a society of strict conservatives.[5] Finally, as the last man to rule the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev is partially credited for ending the cold war.[6] The diverse governmental basis for these nations gave but disagreement to work with. These ideologies made the growing tension justified for both.[7] With the newfound race to economic leadership, the US and the USSR attempted to push the other from the major roles of the world. The economic dissimilarities arose from their fiscal processes.[8] The US has a system named capitalism. People in the United States can own properties and businesses; their circumstances were subject to their own legitimacy.[9] Under Communism, all industries and businesses were owned and administered by the nation.[10] The profit was to fit the necessities of the society and no the individual as it was in the US.[11] This difference tied into politics, whoever owned the public market and dominated the commercial and industrial origin of the world had a bigger chance at influencing with their ideals.[12] The United States needed to prevent socialism from spreading at any cost; having an economic advantage wa s the best strategy. The internal dynamics of the two nations differs in theory and in the belief that each rightfully had world supremacy. Their emergent relationship was based more on their respective political institutions and their needs than any other factor. Capitalism versus communism grew as a theme of conflict. Especially after WWII Stalin was determined to make USSR secure in the future from foreign attacks.[13] President Truman believed that Communists, apart from taking control over Eastern Europe, would try to extend their rule over Western Europe. The Truman Doctrine of 1947, commonly known as the cause of the Marshall Plan, claimed that the United States would grant aid only to non-Communist realms.[14] At this point, the nations had declared a stale cold war against each others interests. Believing in impartiality through the use of strength, Communism has created a mark of complete governmental control, which has risen in popularity worldwide for some time. [15] C.Evaluation of Sources The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union 1917-1991, composed by Ronald E. Powaski in 1998 consists of insightful chapters detailing discussions on the different possibilities that arose about the origins of the Cold War and clarifying the different paths taken during the cold war. The Cold War was written with the aim or purpose to answer the very scorching questions that to this day challenge many successful historians and researches: the true factors of conflict between the two countries in the cold war and the basis of its abrupt end. The advantages and values subsist in the capability of the author to combine the related educated opinions of many regarded expert historians into a mission statement for the conclusion on my topics calling. The source is valuable to my investigation because it delivers detailed background on what separated the interests of the two nations mentioned. Also, it contains formal information on alliances, plans of actions, globalization, and key points in Russias history that makes important ends meet for my research. This sources limitation lies in that its high concentration on American views gives nothing but clear point facts on Russia instead of its own analysis of the topic. In order to have a sense of completion, a factual version that supports itself on the view of Russia and its leader was needed. The Personality Cult and its Consequences: Special Report to the 20th congress of the communist party of the Soviet Union is a speech given on February 25, 1956 by Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev regarded as the secret speech due to the discretion at a closed session within the party congress. Its purpose perseveres to criticize Joseph Stalins regime in order to present a better and reformed version of the communist party. The speechs values to my investigation are objective of Khrushchevs words by intensifying the conflict between the real definitions of the meaning of communism, the renewal of the partys resolution and role worldwide. I will further know about the specific factors of communism that frustrated the United States to the point it did. The speech is limited in that although it represents the resurgence of communism, it acts mainly for the better ment of Khrushchevs political profile and for impair of former Soviet leaders which give the speech a biased tone and limitation. Furthermore, it also attempted to lead the party to a Leninist ideological overview which became an important shifting point from the old ways of the party. This attempts to change the focus of my research a bit and reallocates me into a completely new subject matter: the era of battle for power in Russia; in relation to the internal dynamics of the nation. D. Evaluation of Section B Both states sought to reiterate as leading roles in the common matters of the world. In essence, the two nations felt themselves in the pivotal responsibility of speaking out for their respective forms of government. As both powers emerged through the ranks of leadership, what came after WWII was the struggle for Europe. A new rivalry was developing not necessarily between their nations but with the nations regimes: Capitalism vs. Communism.[16] The United States felt the air of democracy threatened by the influence of the Soviet Union on various nations. In 1946 and 1947 the USSR conveyed Communist regimes to nations like Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Poland.[17] The United States responded by issuing the Truman Doctrine which encouraged anti-communist nations with economic aid. After the severe defeat Germany faced, the allies could not come to an agreement on the political and economic structure it should take. This division showed the ideological drift between the Soviet and We stern regimes. In order to prevent an economic ruin, the US came up with the Marshall Plan: an economic aid program meant to give the opportunity of reconstruction to Western European economies. Both the US and the USSR stood by to aid nations in need of economic revival with one condition: the rendition of their political structures. The battle for Europe continued as it also intensified in other parts of the world.[18] Within the internal dynamics of the ideological reach between both nations, there lay a continual need for political absolution. As in section B, their respective leaders focused superiority and intelligence in a war constituted by strategic diplomatic moves. As each nation attempted to become the stronger state, not only did they clash politically but there was also an economic race beginning between them. A mutual need for economic expansion gave way to a space race and nuclear arms race.[19] This rivalry again sustained itself on the grounds of dispersing the idea of international command. Key words spoken by Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev in his empowering speeches held still in the soviet declaration of international control and realized long awaited feelings of Russian merit. Strong words such as in his speech at the 20th congress of the communist party, which intensified Russian-American relations. After failed negotiations, during Kennedys presidency in the US, there were seve ral arms control agreements. The competition reflected in the distinct battle for international recognition with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Communist coalition of Warsaw Treaty Organization to counter against NATO. It was clear that US and USSR were more advance than any of the other nations in relation to their military power and resources, according to the stern damage others suffered. The dissimilarities between the leaders of these nations only worked to deepen the conflict, each straining to restrain the spread of the enemy structure. A competition for power stood before all else. The evidence which presented the differences in section B suggests that this was a war between world influences and character. The dispute which confounded most of the second half of the twentieth century in relation to economic and political differences suggested that these nations fought for more than recognition, they sought to be the infiltrator of other economies from which they hoped to benefit.[20] These differences make it clear that the main point of both nations was to have control over the international community: politically, and economically. The social sciences would back the belief that it was more of a struggle for the better advance militarization in hopes to force international command. E.Conclusion The cold war emerged as a product of the competitive, intricate technological and political reforms. The significant differences all lied in the political spectrum that surrounded each nation, along with their international aspirations which in turn is what afflicted one another. Beginning with their respective forms of government in an arising in political rivalry, the United States and the U.S.S.R attempted to dismantle each others economic influence on the international community. The significant differences ranged in all aspects of society, politics, and economics in the era. The main factor was in essence their respective political systems, which based itself as a ground for competition for international manipulation. Their drive for international command was also based on the level of military power displayed, in relation to the technological arms race that was developing. In all, the internal dynamics concerning the imminent disastrous differences between the worlds superpowe rs conceal in awe a mere exhibition of supremacy in the changing world. [1] William Dudley, The Cold War: Opposing Viewpoints(San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1992), p. 24 [2] Dudley, p. 41 [3] Abbot Gleason, Totalitarianism: the inner history of the Cold War(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 215 [4] Gleason, p. 215 [5] James Warren, Cold War: the American crusade against world Communism, 1945-1991(New York: Lothrop, Lee Shepard Books, 1996), p.56 [6] Warren, p.68 [7] Ronald Powaski, The Cold War: the United States and the Soviet Union, 1917-1991(New York: Oxford Universiry Press, 1998), p. 315 [8] Gleason, p.133 [9] Dudley, p.87 [10] Thomas T. Hammond, Witnesses to the Origins of the Cold War(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982.), p. 255 [11] Warren, p.116 [12] Warren, p.223 [13] George Edward Stanley, America and the Cold War 1949-1966(Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac, 2005), p. 147 [14] Gleason, p.189 [15] Stanley, p.242 [16] Warren, p.119 [17] Dudley, p. 76 [18] Dudley, p. 54 [19] Powaski, , p. 209 [20] Dudley, p. 268

Aldous Huxleys Brave New World :: Social Stability Brave New World Essays

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley deftly creates a society that is indeed quite stable. Although they are being mentally manipulated, the members of this world are content with their lives, and the presence of serious conflict is minimal, if not nonexistent. For the most part, the members of this society have complete respect and trust in their superiors, and those who don’t are dealt with in a peaceful manner as to keep both society and the heretic happy. Maintained by cultural values, mental conditioning, and segregation, the idea of social stability as demonstrated in Brave New World is, in my opinion, both insightful and intriguing. The story is set hundreds of years in the future in a world with completely separate values and beliefs from those of today’s society. Birth has become an outdated and even disgusting thing. Instead of being born, humans are mass-produced through very elaborate cloning methods. Children are raised in a society that promotes both sexual promiscuity and drug use. They are brainwashed in their sleep to enjoy everything about their lives and to accept every aspect of society. Each person is predestined to fall under a specific social class that determines what they will do for a living, who they must take orders from, and even what they look like. Every aspect of every person’s life is manipulated, yet everyone feels free. One major issue that helps maintain social stability in Brave New World is sex. It is thought of as normal for people to be completely open with their sexual nature. It is typical for children to run around naked during recess playing games that are sexual and sometimes homosexual in nature. Every adult is encouraged to sleep with as many different partners as possible. This outlook on sexual nature is quite different from actual accepted views. Today, sex is most widely accepted as a private, romantic event that should take place between monogamous couples. Because sex is a natural need of the human body, people of Huxley’s society feel pleased by being open with their sexuality. Indulging in their sexual pleasures eases their minds and keeps them from questioning the level of freedom they have. Another cultural value that helps maintain social stability is drug use. Soma is a euphoric, hallucinogenic drug that the government freely gives to citizens.

The Power of Interior Monologues in War and Peace Essay -- War and Pea

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   War and Peace probed into the human essence and its search for the truths of life. Tolstoy focused on two men to represent and carry the burden of finding those ethereal values. Throughout the novel, he utilized numerous images, symbols, dialogue, and foreshadowing to advance the progress of his characters. Yet, his most effective use of technical device can be found in describing the psychological thoughts and interior monologues of the characters. Most notably, the thoughts of Pierre and Andrei served to portray their spiritual changes better than by what they did, and also helped to foretell and build suspense to upcoming actions. By doing so, Tolstoy furthered the plot and created a realistic world from which to study characters who acted, talked, and most importantly, thought as real human beings do in the same situations.    The magnanimity of Tolstoy's use of internal actions rather than external actions has far reaching effects to this day. Pierre and Andrei underwent a drastic change, and because of this critics compare them to Tolstoy himself. Tolstoy grew up in an aristocratic household, but because he wanted to live life as it should be lived, he also searched for the answers to the problem of life. Like Pierre and Andrei, he faced many difficulties in his journey, but eventually found salvation in the basic values of simplicity, understanding of life and death, and love of all creatures. Thus, Tolstoy, Pierre, and Andrei transformed themselves through pain and suffering to attain a higher level of spirituality, notably mimicking the legendary change of St. Paul the Apostle. In addition to his connections with the Christian St. Paul, Tolstoy also laid down the foundations for Buddhist Zen in the wester... ...rn, The Rise of the Russian Novel, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. John Fennel, Nineteenth Century Russian Literature, London, Faber and Faber, 1973. Ed. Malcolm Jones, New Essays on Tolstoy, Bristol: Cambridge University Press, 1978. Ed. Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Interpretations - War and Peace, New York, Chelsea House Publishers, 1988 Daniel Rancour - Laferriere, Tolstoy's Pierre Bezukhov - A Psychoanalytical Study, Melksham: Bristol Classical Press, 1993. Helen Edna Davis, Tolstoy and Nietzsche, New York: Haskell House Publishers Ltd., 1929. I Cannot be Silent - Writings on Politics, Art and Religion by Leo Tolstoy, Chippenham: The Bristol Press, 1989. E. H. Carr, What is History?, St Ives: Penguin Books, 1987. Pauline Marie Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Analysis of the Macro and Micro Environment at British Airways Essay

British Airways is the largest international scheduled airline in the UK. The company was founded in 1919, and has continued to grow and expand since privatisation in 1987, until the global recession hit in 2008. On 23rd January 2009 the UK was officially declared to be in recession following two consecutive quarters in 2008 during which economic growth dropped (BBC, 2009). Many businesses, including British Airways, have found it increasingly difficult to survive in the resulting testing macroeconomic environment. The Recession  A recession will often occur when inflation grows rapidly; goods become more expensive at a time when consumers have less money to spend. As consumers spend less money, supply begins to exceed demand within the markets. This causes businesses to produce less of their goods, and so require less staff. The unemployment that results from this creates a situation whereby people do not trust the markets and have less money, so stop spending, thus creating a vicious circle. UK unemployment figures up to March 2010 show that unemployment has risen to 8%, the highest figure since 1996. For many people, air travel is a luxury good. This means that in times of hardship, where the consumer is reducing their spending, air travel will be an area that is very hard hit, as many people are not taking holidays. For some consumers, air travel is for business purposes, as opposed to recreational. This area of the market has not been hit as hard, although many people are now flying in economy class, where they might previously have flown in business or first class. Business and first class passengers have played a large part in BA’s profitability, as they account for a large proportion of the company’s profit. Low-cost, budget airlines such as Ryan Air have done comparatively well, producing profits in a market where very few businesses have been able to. Budget airlines are supplying an â€Å"inferior good†. This means that as consumer income decreases, a demand for the service will increase as the service is seen to be more affordable. Production Costs Over recent years the cost of fuel has increased dramatically, and as each airport has only one fuel supplier, BA is working within a limited market, where there is a lack of price competition to drive the price of fuel down. With demand continuing to exceed the supply of fuel the equilibrium point of the supply and demand curve is continually changing, this allows the fuel suppliers to increase their costs. As demand for air travel has dropped and production costs have increased, BA has found that an increasing number of flights are running with too few passengers to make the flight profitable. However, if BA were to decrease the number of flights they would risk losing their slots at the major airports, which would be disastrous when the market begins to pick up and demand for flights increases again. Willie Walsh, chief executive of BA, believes that a compromise must be found between surviving throughout this difficult climate, and growing the business so that it can prosper once the economy has recovered. Iberia Merger BA has recently signed a merger with Spain’s Iberian Airlines. This will promote the business to being one of the largest international providers of air travel. It is predicted that the merger will allow the two companies to save around ? 50 million per year, which will greatly benefit shareholders as the profit will be seen to increase, and also benefit customers as the synergy between the routes and aircraft used should offer more choice at a more competitive price (Price, 2010). Government Policy As a result of the recent recession, the government has taken steps to increase consumer spending. Increased consumer spending is necessary in order to increase the UK’s GDP (gross domestic product) and so ensure that the recovery from the recent recessi on will continue. Some of these policy responses from the government included lowering VAT from 17. 5% to 15% as of December 1st 2008 (Finch, 2008). This was a move which was aimed at lowering the price of goods and so encouraging the public to spend more. This would start to regain consumer trust, and also start to put money back into the market. The major downside to this policy change is that due to a lower governmental income from VAT, the government has been forced to increase the UK’s national debt and run a larger budget deficit in order to keep national services running. There has been considerable debate as to how much this policy actually helped to bring the UK out of the recession, but it did encourage consumers to have more faith in the government and the economy and to spend more money. By encouraging a higher rate of consumer spending, the economy is starting to recover; this is a positive sign for British Airways as it means that customers are beginning to increase again. As the consumer is regaining faith in the economy they are becoming more likely to pre-book a holiday as they have more money available to them. This cut in VAT has also allowed companies such as BA to either increase their profit margins slightly or lower their prices slightly (BBC, 2009). The Bank of England Since the start of the recent recession, the pound has weakened considerably. With the UK economy struggling and consumers having borrowed heavily before the recession, currency traders have flooded the market with sterling, resulting in the pound dropping in value. In an attempt to maintain monetary stability the Bank of England dropped the national interest rates from 5% down to as low as 0. 5% (Bank of England, no date). This also caused currency traders to attempt to trade their sterling to a currency returning a higher profitability, such as the Euro (Bank of England, 2010). However, this move was needed in order to attempt to keep inflation low and encourage banks to continue to supply loans, overdrafts and mortgages. This was a move which was needed in order to try and maintain consumer trust, but the weakening pound has made business increasingly difficult for international companies as importing goods needed to provide their surface has increased thus increasing their production costs, although it does make the service cheaper for foreign consumers. Leadership Theories Willie Walsh became CEO of British Airways in 2005; since then he has faced numerous challenges as the global economy has been hit hard by the recent recession. Walsh was brought in by British Airways as CEO following his success as CEO of Aer Lingus, where he helped to bring the company out of the financial difficulty that it suffered as a result of the terrorist attacks in 2001, by cutting 2000 jobs and finding new ways to cut costs (Saunders, 2008). In the current economic climate, where the industry has been severely hit by the recent recession, a leader is needed who is able to react to an ever-changing dynamic environment. Walsh has proved his ability to do this, and has been quick to react with BA by cutting many jobs as the recession hit, and working out new ways in which the company can be run more efficiently, such as by reducing the number of aircraft and raising the efficiency of staff. This style of leadership is known as transformational leadership; it relies upon a leader who has a concept of the direction he wishes the business to take, and has the ability to motivate and inspire his employees in order to attain this goal. Motivation – Content and Process Theories Motivation theories have been developed so that leaders and managers can understand the theory behind the different methods of motivating their workforce and thus work out the most productive and efficient of these methods. It is a common belief that leaders are born and not made; this is supported to some extent by motivation theories as the best leaders will be more perceptive as to how change is affecting his workforce, and the areas in which improvements could be made, as they will have a natural empathy. The best leaders will also be able to use this to the advantage of their company; they will be able to motivate their workforce to a higher work capacity level and so promote productivity. Motivation theories work on the basis that employees carry out work for a variety of reasons, which are weighted in terms of their importance. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need (shown in the diagram below) suggests that there are 5 levels at which a person must be fulfilled before they will perform at their optimal capacity, with the lower levels being the first to be fulfilled and the most important. BA has recently asked its employees to consider working unpaid for up to one month, in a bid to keep the company afloat. Many employees have resisted this change, with only 800 out of 40,000 staff asked agreeing to this. Other options were also put forward to staff, including the option to take unpaid leave or to work part-time; these proved more popular with employees. A reduction in salary would affect employees at the bottom two levels on Maslow’s Hierarchy as with reduced income some may struggle to provide for their physiological needs. This in turn will affect the employee at several levels up the hierarchy; they will feel less secure within their job and society, and consequently on a higher more emotional level. Content theories of motivation suggest that there are three main components which motivate people; these are direction (what they want), intensity (how much they want it) and persistence (how far they will go to attain this). Following on from his, it is assumed that people will work for rewards. These rewards can then be split into two main areas; intrinsic and extrinsic. Content theories place a higher emphasis upon the intrinsic factors, such as the internal drives which motivate people to work. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need is one example of this, and Herzberg’s 2-factor theory is another. Herzberg’s theory relies upon hygiene (extrinsic) and motivators (intrinsic) and suggests that extrinsic factors are important in preventing job dissatisfaction, whereas intrinsic factors are more concerned with self-respect and achievement, thus promoting job satisfaction. Process theories such as J Stacy Adam’s Equity theory, suggest that people are more productive when they perceive that they are receiving fair treatment, and will tend to act if they believe they are being unfairly treated when they compare themselves to others within their social network. Vroom’s Expectancy theory also works upon a basis of fair treatment, but focuses upon the worker’s belief that if they put more effort in, their performance will improve, and their manager will reward them fairly, with a reward that is of value to the individual worker. Managers must therefore identify the rewards that workers will place a high value upon, and attempt to minimise any undesirable outcomes. British Airways needs to focus more upon employee satisfaction, particularly within this economic climate, as this will encourage workers to perform at a higher capacity and thus increase efficiency of the company. Threat of future redundancies is a big motivating factor for many employees; if process theory is applied, so that employees believe increased effort will lead to fair reward (ie. keeping their job) they may be more likely to perform better. Management of Change Theories regarding management of change focus on minimising resistance to change, as this is more likely to make the proposed change viable. Force field analysis requires managers to assess the pro’s and con’s of change, and the movement that will be needed to effect this change. For example, with BA’s pay freeze and request for unpaid work, there will be resistance to this change, based upon a fear of lower income, but, for some, the fear of redundancies and dismissal will outweigh the risk of a month unpaid (BBC, 2009). Resistance to change is often natural due to a fear of the unknown; employees often fear that if they work at a higher capacity this will become the expected normality, which may be difficult to sustain, and can encourage workers to thus work at a lower performance level. Lewin’s 3-step change process identifies unfreezing (where the status quo is disturbed), movement (where new behaviour is adopted) and refreezing (where the new patterns are established as normal) as the three stages. Unfreezing is perceived to be the most difficult to implement, as this is where a fear of the unknown will have the greatest impact. For managers to overcome this they must show empathy, communication and participation. Willie Walsh shows an example of this as he has ensured that all BA employees are kept well informed of all plans towards cost-cutting and voluntarily agreed to work for July without receiving his ? 61,000 monthly salary in a bid to encourage workers to do the same. This also uses process theories of motivation, as it encourages workers to feel that they are receiving fair treatment. Unfortunately for BA, many employees feel that they are being treated unfairly, leading to numerous recent strikes, which have caused massive further losses to the company.

The Validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve

The proper use of the environment has become a controversial topic in economics. In both of James Beseecher's lectures during the module, he outlined a critique of mainstream economics currently governing all our policies, and presented several key thinkers In environmental economics. The huge potential for economic growth through the exploitation of the environment has been undeniable. Vital resources have forever been and continue to be a necessary component of economic growth.But the environment also performs the essential function of supporting life. Needless to say, if humans impair the earth's ability to sustain life the consequences would be dire. And unfortunately, the very same exploitation that provides us with crucial economic Inputs can also be the Instrument by which we impair the earth's ability to support life. Beechen Insisted the world would have to shift Its focus too more sustainable branch of economics. One policy proposed by economists is to allow countries to ec onomically grow out of environmentally damaging activity.Looking at countries with already large economies, we see signs of environmental regulation such as emissions standards, extensive recycling programs, and limited timber harvesting. The economists supporting a policy that Initially allows for environmental degradation assert that If a country can achieve sufficient economic growth In a short period of time then perhaps environmental damage should be tolerated. A well-known hypothesis providing support for a policy that emphasizes economic growth at the expense of environmental protection is the environmental Sunset curve (EKE) hypothesis.It posits that countries in the development process will see their levels of environmental degradation increase until some Income threshold Is met and then afterwards decrease. If true, economic polices should allow extensive, although not necessarily absolute, use of the environment for growth purposes. But carrying out such policies involves inherent dangers. If developing countries decide to overlook environmental protection by counting on rising incomes to abate environmental damage the consequences could be devastating.The most pressing danger is that additional environmental degradation could cause some irreversible and significant harm. This could occur before the predicted Income threshold Is met. The other concern with counting on Incomes to reduce environmental damage Is that the EKE hypothesis could easily be incorrect and relying on its predictions would lead to consistently insufficient protection. This paper evaluates the validity of the EKE hypothesis and argues that it is not a sound basis for policy formation and Justification with so much at stake.The plan of the paper is as follows. Section II examines the basis for the EKE hypothesis and conditions under which It may accurately predict a country's future environmental at the findings of these studies. Section IV identifies the inherent dangers in dete rmining environmental policy based upon the EKE hypothesis. Some concerns are relevant if the hypothesis does not hold and others are present even if it does prove a correct forecaster of environmental quality. Section V provides a conclusion.Section II: The Concept of the Environmental Sunset Curve The EKE hypothesis asserts that countries will naturally move from relatively low environmentally degrading activity to highly degrading activity and then, once a certain income threshold is achieved, will proceed to less degrading activity once again. This assertion allows one to predict the relative level of environmental damage Ewing caused by a country by looking at GAP per capita. However, this prediction is relative to individual countries. In other words, each country has its own EKE, based upon resource endowment, social customs, etc. From which it progresses along relative to its GAP. A graphical model of the hypothesis helps illustrate the inverted â€Å"U† shape of the relationship: It is important to note that the theoretical EKE graph does not explicitly express time as a dimension and for this reason the use of the EKE hypothesis to Justify policy decision – an action that by definition incorporates time – would appear inadequate. Only by comparing two different countries can the inverted â€Å"U† shaped curve be derived as seen above. However each country possesses its own unique EKE and therefore each country's policies should be organized accordingly.In order for the graph to show an EKE, and thereby be valid as policy Justification, we must incorporate a time dimension. We find a time dimension along the x-axis. The EKE hypothesis assumes that changes in income per capita only occur over time. By including this supposition of changes in income inherently signifying time, the graph can now show an EKE for a specific country. The identification of a country's particular EKE provides a basis for using it to influence polic y. Possessing the theoretical model by which the EKE hypothesis is used for economic policy we turn our focus to explaining why the inverted â€Å"U† shape exists.There are two primary explanations for the proposed shape of the EKE. The first examines the history of developed countries and the paths they took to achieve development. The second reflects the changing preference for environmental quality as incomes rise. Historically, all developed countries' economies were originally based upon agriculture, a state that produced little environmental damage. Their economies later switched to a much more environmentally damaging state that focused on industry and manufacturing. Two main factors lead to environmental damage that occurs during industrialization.First, the harmful by-products of production damage the environment. High levels of pollution and water contamination accompany the expansion of industry. The second factor is the increased consumption of natural resources. The extensive over-use of land, deforestation and mining of mountains is a form of environmental damage in and of itself. A common conclusion of this placement pattern is that Olds must pass through the same phases in order to regulations, Olds will be at an economic disadvantage compared to the already developed countries.Many Olds point to this competitive disadvantage when rejecting global environmental standards. The next stage of development saw industrial nations switching to service-based economies, a trend that all global GAP leaders tend towards. During this phase the income threshold of the Ekes for certain polluting substances appear to have been reached. According to the hypothesis, service-based economies are said to be able to avoid many of the most environmentally damaging economic activities. In theory, environmental impacts also fall as a result of improved technology discovered in developed countries.In some cases technology leads to a more efficient use of inputs. Other technological advancements make it possible to restrict the harmful effects that economic activity have on the environment. The second reason that a high-income level can reduce environmental damage is by altering the demand for environmental quality. Known as the â€Å"income effect†, sufficiently high GAP per capita often leads individuals to place environmental quality above additional economic growth. The aggregation of these individual preferences plays an integral role in determining the income threshold.The EKE income threshold aggregates all environmentally damaging agents into a single numerical value. However, taken individually economists can place dollar values on the turning points of damaging agents. For example, in a 1997 paper by Cole, Earner and Bates, the authors found the turning point of CO and NON emissions to be around $9,900 and $14,700, respectively. Using environmental quality preference as an explanation, the income threshold represents the in come level per pita at which the preference for environmental quality outweighs the preference for additional income.This change in preference occurs on a public level, rather than a private one. Microeconomic decisions to support more environmentally friendly goods and services cannot account for the income effect. The issue is instead a matter of public policy. The changes in environmental standards reflect political pressure on governments. According to the EKE hypothesis, changes to evolving economies and the individual preference for environmental quality combine to determine the income threshold. However, whether or not an inverted â€Å"U† shaped curve exists at all is still up for debate.Section Ill: Evidence For and Against the EKE Hypothesis Evidence regarding the EKE hypothesis is circumstantial and inconclusive. Most early studies that supported the hypothesis focused on a single damaging agent, such as a pollutant. Identifying key characteristics associated with agents that have been studied we find that only certain types of agents exhibit an EKE. Evidence supporting the EKE first began in 1994 when Selene and Song derived an EKE for SIS. A later test in 1995 by economists Grossman also found SIS emissions to follow n EKE. They found a turning point between $4,000 and $6,000.Another early documentation of EKE support came from Theodore Pantaloon who found the turning point of deforestation to be $823. After the initial studies, other economists began to investigate the validity of the EKE hypothesis and found refuting evidence. In the 1997 paper by Cole, Earner and Bates, they found no EKE for traffic, nitrates or EKE; rather, energy use per capita rose steadily with increased income. Evidence appears to support the EKE hypothesis only for a limited type of damaging agents. The emission of SIS is found in urban waste areas and is thereby hardhearted by its locality.Deforestation also reflects a situation involving a specific location. Dama ging agents that affect only a particular site tend to show Ekes. However, a damaging agent such as traffic is plain to see and also affects certain areas heavily. In this case the agent is dominated by a scale effect – increased activity leads to increased environmental impact. While traffic-related pollution is generally iterated by population size, damaging agents such as energy production by-products increase with GAP per capita. Section lb. Dangers of the EKE Hypothesis in international developmentThere exist many dangers in allowing an economy to simply grow out of environmentally damaging activity. Some of these dangers arise because the EKE hypothesis does not hold true in all cases. Others exist even if we assume the hypothesis as an accurate predictor of environmental conditions. The following is a list of concerns regarding the EKE hypothesis: l. It remains inconclusive if most damaging agents follow the EKE. II. The threshold income may be irrelevantly high or the temporary period of increasing environmental damage too long. Ill.Any decrease in environmental damage seen in developed countries may reflect the exportation of production abroad and subsequent importation. IV. The â€Å"absorptive capacity' of our earth is unknown. V. Ekes may only exist in certain political atmospheres. A detailed examination of the above concerns illustrates the inherent dangers in accepting the EKE hypothesis and afterwards using it to Justify policy making. As discussed above, only local and regional damaging agents show signs of Ekes. Other â€Å"difficult to detect† agents seem to increase with GAP per capita.This discovery leaves open to question whether more agents than not respond to income increases. If there exist more agents that do not respond then attempting to grow past these impacts would be impossible. Many damaging agents may respond to income levels, but not until GAP per capita approaches out-of-reach levels. If in a developed country, the turning point for a damaging agent is above, say, $50,000 then neglecting to react will create damage for a considerable amount of time. Over the time it takes to achieve the turning point, the environmental damage may become irreversible .Obviously, in a OLD the turning point value needs only to be considerably lower and still have the same adverse effects. Using solely the EKE hypothesis to Justify unsustainable growth is unwise, as the outcome still remains unknown. Another consideration that challenges the EKE evidence is that wealthy countries are massively importing products manufactured in Olds, thereby contributing to environmental degradation; the only difference is that the degradation is not domestic. The first hypothesis to bring up this possibility was the Pollution Haven hypothesis.It states that developed countries export their high polluting industries to Olds whose governments have more lax environmental standards. Many economists follow environmental regulatio ns. However, this does not exclude the possibility of heavy industries existing in Olds and coincidently exporting their products to wealthy countries. In this case, wealthy countries only started along the downward slope on the EKE by domestically reducing environmental damage. When taken globally their increased consumption due to income may without doubt still be increasingly damaging.Another danger is that leaving the quality of our environment subject to economic activity, even for only a short period, may well prove to be disastrous. The ability of the earth to absorb the damaging agents produced by economic activity, called â€Å"absorptive capacity,† is not yet known. A final concern is that even if countries can achieve high levels of income per capita they may not possess a political atmosphere conducive to environmental protection. Assuming that the aggregate turning point in a country is reached, that country is not necessarily going to enact environmental protect ion.The most successful avenues for obtaining environmental quality, it seems, are lobbyists. Without a government that responds to political pressure by these public groups here is no reason to believe that its policies will reflect the demand for a cleaner environment, if such demand exists at all. Indeed, it also remains to be seen if all cultures place similar values on environmental quality. Section V: Conclusion The questions and concerns about the EKE hypothesis examined in this paper raise significant doubt as to the wisdom of adopting environmental policy based upon the EKE hypothesis.Even assuming its validity, the EKE hypothesis generates considerable doubt as to its effectiveness at balancing economic growth with environmental protection. In order to effectively produce a critique of the EKE, the present paper assumes growth is still regarded as the sole goal of economic development. The hypothesis indeed uses rising incomes as a factor of time. Calls however have been g rowing stronger for a shift of focus from economic growth towards well-being, equality and sustainability.