Recreation, Leisure and Play Essay

The idea of vacant has been in existence for many centuries and has come to entertain many contrasting meanings forecasting on the period in history or the civilization that it originated from. From as early as Ancient Greece, Rome or Babylonia, the term we now cognize as leisure has existed in some form or another. As has been widely noted in introductory recreation texts, schole was both the ancient Hellenic word for leisure meaning, serious action mechanism with step forward the pressure of necessity and is the root of the English word for school (Godbey, 2003).To the ancient Greeks, leisure, education, and culture were intertwined. In other words, eruditeness was available simply for the rich, masses with the wealth to afford escaped term. Leisure, as we know it nowa daytimes, has changed from the original meaning of the word. From what I use up read and found in unhomogeneous books and articles, Leisure can be defined in 3 different ways leisure defined as a ren der of world or a state of hear, leisure defined as an activity, and leisure defined as m. I pass on discuss the various comments of leisure at once and and so discuss my issues with each definition.Leisure Defined as a State of Mind Leisure defined as a state of head is, in my approximation, the least frequently used definition of the word. The way to understand this concept would be use it in the context such(prenominal) as mortal who is at leisure meaning freedom from anxiety, obligation, or constraint or having an internal locus of control. Locus of Control refers to an individuals perception of master(prenominal) causes of e spills in life. More simply, having an internal locus of control means that you believe that you argon the master of your own destiny. John Neulinger (1974) statesLeisure has ace and only one essential criterion, and that is the condition of perceived freedom. Any activity carried out freely, without constraint or compulsion, may be considered t o be leisure. To leisure implies world engaged in any activity as a free agent and of ones own choice. (p. 12) Now I want you to keep in mind this idea of leisure as any activity of ones own free bequeathed decision because I am going to touch on it again during the leisure defined as time. Leisure Defined as an Activity Leisure defined as an activity is used widely as well. some people would agree that leisure activity is something that is fun and enjoyable during a non-working time. This idea bring ups it difficult to pinpoint a leisure activity though. misgiving if the activity is performed for intrinsic or extraneous purposes may be the deciding factor whether the activity is leisure or not. The distinction between intrinsic and outside(a) properties converges an essential role in stating several interesting philosophical problems. Why am I performing this action? If you are doing the activity because you enjoy it, accordingly you are performing it for its intrinsic va lue.If you do not want to participate in an activity, except you know that you will benefit from the activity, you are performing it for its extrinsic value. An example would be a person who practices on the piano because they like to figure out, versus a person who practices piano because they want to win a music contest. Who of the ii is experiencing leisure as an activity? Most people would agree that the first person is definitely experiencing leisure as an activity. The second person is where the debate lays. It is the kindred exact activity as the first person, but the motivation for performing the activity is different.I feel that as long as you, as a free willed individual, choose to perform any activity then you are experiencing leisure as an activity because you are fulfilling your desires. I feel that the only time when you are may not experience leisure is when you are last. If you have lived a long life and eventually die from old age, I do not believe that you mad e the decision out of free will to pass away. Although, if a person commits suicide, does that persons free willed decision make the act of dying a leisure activity? Some good questions to ask If your career is your passion, are you always at leisure?Conversely, is a person without a subscriber line always at leisure? Musicians, professional athletes, and the homeless are all specific examples of situations that may religious service answer these questions. Leisure Defined as era Leisure defined as time may be the most commonly understood meaning of the word today because of its positive connotations (Martin, 1975). People often use the word leisure and the term free time interchangeably. On the surface this definition seems fine, but as you delve deeper and ask difficult questions, it starts to bring approximately less clear. What is free time?Free time is defined as time free of obligations or responsibilities, or time to do with what you please. As Neulinger verbalize his d efinition of leisure, performing the activity out of free will is the deciding factor for whether it is leisure or not. This idea brings this thought to mind. All human beings have been blessed with the gift of free will a consciousness of who we are and of the decisions we make. Without consciousness we would still be assured of what is going on around us, but we would react to it in a reflexive, instinctive way. With consciousness, we can deliberately weigh what the senses tell us, and respond accordingly.If this definition holds true, shouldnt all of life be considered leisure? Ein truth decision, every action, comes from our decisions of our own free will. If we continue with this thought, some questions arise Are there any instances in life that would prevent you from experiencing free will? Do we always make decisions based on our desires? Do having priorities that are not in sync with our desires negate our free will? These questions came after having a conversation with my friend. She told me that when you are a parent, you have obligations to your children that may interfere with your free time.This is where the damn breaks open and it is up to the individual to decide. Her question was, What if my needs as a parent cannot be fulfilled because I have work to make sure my kids are fed and clothed? I feel that even though you have the responsibility as a parent to provide for your children, you made the decision to have a child knowing full well the obligations and responsibilities that would eventually come with that decision. Free time, who would have thought two little words, would bring up so many questions? My Definition of Leisure After contemplating on the various definitions of the term leisure I point the followingLeisure is the phenomenon experience by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual. Recreation Recreation is any a ctivity which is relaxing to humans or provides diversions from their practice routine, and in many ways is also a therapeutic refreshment of ones consistency or mind. Any activity can potentially be a recreational one. Vacations to exotic islands, sporting events, meditation, watching television, or escapeing monopoly are all forms of recreation.A key factor to the activity being considered a recreational activity is whether or not it is pleasurable. If the activity is not pleasurable then the activity cannot be considered recreational because it is not rejuvenating to the personate or mind. For example, a couple travels to the Caribbean for a second honeymoon. They have planned the vacation far in advance and the tickets and reservations are non-refundable. Upon arriving, the weather is awful and the couple is uneffective to participate in any of the activities they had planned for the trip.Even though the fact they were engaging in a commercial recreational activity, the wea ther prevented them from having an enjoyable time and therefore the vacation was not recreating to oneself or another. With the information provided, this vacation would not be classified as recreation. Fairchild defined recreation as any activity pursued during leisure, either individual or collective, that is free and pleasurable, having its own immediate appeal, not impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself (Fairchild, 1944).another(prenominal) aspect of recreation was presented by Gray and Greben (1974) as an emotional condition within an individual human being that flows from a feeling of well-being and self-satisfaction. It is characterized by feeling of mastery, achievement, exhilaration, acceptance, success, personal worth, and pleasure. It reinforces positive self-image. Recreation is a response to aesthetic experience, achievement of personal goals, or positive feedback from others. It is independent of activity, leisure, or personal acceptance. (p. 23) This definition i s not focused on the activity itself, but on the individuals reaction to the activity the individuals state of mind.I would agree that this definition touches the spirit of the subject much better. I stated earlier that any activity has the potential of being a recreational activity. This is true because it depends on how the individual feels about the activity. Most people experience pleasure during activities like exercise, sports, relaxing, and vacationing. If you think along these lines then it is easy to understand why some activities are generalized as recreational and why some are not. Although some people consider work pleasurable, most people do not love their job.This is why I believe that work is not universally accepted as recreational. My Definition of Recreation After contemplating on the various definitions of the term recreation I propose the following Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any fleshly or non-physical activities characterized by fee lings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. Play Leisure and recreation as I discussed them are states of mind experienced by an individual. Play, although related to these concepts, is different in the fact that it is a means to achieve this positive state of mind which all living beings desire.Play has existed since the beginning of time. Johan Huizinga (1950) described the characteristics of runaway as Voluntary behavior Stepping outside of ordinary life Secluded and especial(a) in time and space Not serious but absorbs the player intensely Bounded by rules Promoting formation of social groups that surround themselves with secrecy As you read the characteristics, you realize that they appear in all forms of play. Although play is a common occurrence within all ages of life, it is a concept that it liked to immaturity in todays society. The Instinctual Aspect of Play.Play is a puzzle to scientists. Why do animals spend so much time and energy doing such silly things that seem to have no purpose? The struggle for survival in nature is deadly serious. What place is there for activities that dont help animals eat, grow, and reproduce? Play is also very risky. Animals can break bones, pull muscles, or get bitten too hard. In a muse of 14 Siberian ibexes (wild goats), much than one-third were hurt badly enough during play to cause limps-a serious concern in the race for survival. And animals can become so jailed up in play that they are unaware of danger.One study showed that 80 percent of the deaths among young fur seals occurred because the playing pups didnt see predators coming (Braaf 2003, 4) Why is play worth the risk? Many scientists believe its essential for survival-as pregnant as food or sleep. Why Play? Most scientists believe that when animals play, they are practicing skills theyll need later in life. This is why different kinds of animals play in different ways. Young predators, such as wolves, lions, and bears , play by stalking, pouncing, biting, and shaking their heads from side to side. Theyre honing their skills for when they will run down, catch, and kill prey.When a wolf pup chases its own tail, bites it, and yanks it back and forth, the pup is rehearsing skills itll need one day as a hunter. Research shows that smarter animals spend more time playing. Elephants play more than horses. Chimps play more than macaques. Wolves play more than rabbits. And parrots play more than either ducks or sparrows. Smarter animals also play in more creative and complex ways. Not surprisingly, humans and chimpanzees are among the most playful species. (Braaf 2003, 9) Here are triple questions to start with Why do humans play? Is play something that is learned, or is it instinctual?And what purpose does it serve in humans? To answer the first question, Godbey (2003) presents the following If you ready a person in a dark tank of water heated to same temperature as their body in a dark path devoid o f sound, their need for stimulation will be so great that they will usually start to hallucinate. If you are walking down the street with secret code much absorbing your attention, you may start to notice cracks in the sidewalk and make up a game in which you have to avoid stepping on them. (p. 46) In conclusion, humans need stimulation. If the mind is idle then the person will seek out the stimulation in his or her surroundings.Whether or play is instinctual or learned, I believe that it is both. Most games that we play are learned, such as baseball, hide and seek, or even make believe games such as house. Obviously, not all forms of play are taught though. As in the example from Godbey, a person will make up a form of play if there are no other options for stimulation. Finally to understand the purpose of play in humans we must first discuss the four forms of play developed by Caillois (1958). The pursuit of vertigo in which one tries to momentarily destroy the stability of perc eption, escaping reality for the moment. Games of chance Make Believe Contests which require separate training, the application of skill, and the desire to win As in animals in the wild, play is used to hone a persons skill for later in life. Some examples of this are interacting with other children on the playground, which will increase social skills, hitting rocks with a stick, which will increase hand-eye coordination, and cloud watching, which will develop a persons imagination. My Definition of Play After contemplating on the various definitions of the term play I propose the followingPlay is voluntary behavior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, limits an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. How Leisure, Recreation, and Play Relate Now that I have discussed my definitions of leisure, recreation, and play, I will explain how my definitions are relate d to one another. As I stated earlier, Leisure is the phenomenon experienced by all self aware beings whose decisions are based out of free will, whether those decisions are made in the conscious or subconscious mind of the individual.Life, to me, is leisure because of our ability to act out of free will. The question should not be, Is this activity a leisure activity? , but rather, Is this activity considered good or bad leisure? Recreation, I feel, is a subset of leisure. All of recreation can be considered leisure, but not the converse. Recreation is a positive state of mind achieved during any physical or non-physical activities characterized by feelings which are rejuvenating and recreating to the body and spirit. The reason that not all of leisure can be considered recreation is because not all of life is recreating to the mind and spirit.Play is a subset of recreation. Similar to leisure and Recreation, all of play is recreation, but not the converse. Play is voluntary behav ior, bounded by rules, experienced by both human and non-human beings, which stimulates the mind and body, prepares an individual for similar future situations, and allows for personal growth within the individual. The main difference is that play is bounded by rules where recreation is not. Some examples of recreation that are not considered play would be meditation, reading, or watching TV.If you look at the following diagram, I think it makes it easier to understand the relationship between all collar of the concepts. pic Leisure is all encompassing. Within it lays recreation and play. Although they are both within leisure there are still some aspects of leisure that are not considered recreation. This blue arrow points to this area. The red arrow points to the area that is recreational but does not classify as play. Quality of Life The well-being or choice of life of a person is an important concern when trying to understand leisure, recreation, and play in an individuals life .Understanding quality of life is today particularly important in health care, where monetary rates do not readily apply. Decisions on what research or treatments to invest the most in are closely related to their effect of a patients quality of life. There are many components to well-being. A large part is standard of living, the occur of money and access to goods and services that a person has these numbers are fairly easily measured. Others components like freedom, happiness, art, environmental health, and innovation are far harder to measure and are generally considered to be more important.There are two main strategies we can adopt to improve the quality of life in our commonplace lives. The first is to try making external conditions match our goals. The second is to change how we experience external conditions to make them fit our goals better. Neither of the strategies is effective when used alone. ever-changing external conditions might seem to work at first, but if a per son is not in control of his or her consciousness, the old fears or desires will soon return, reviving previous anxieties. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 89) For instance, feeling secure is an important component of happiness.The sense of security can be improved by purchasing a gun for home protection, placing security locks on the front door, having an alarm unit installed, or moving to a safer neighborhood. All of these actions would fall under making our external conditions fit our goals better. One also has to understand that perfect safety is, in all reality, not possible and risks are inevitable. Once a person understands this then the threat of insecurity will not have as great of a chance of having a person live in fear finally ruining ones quality of life.In society today, wealth, status and power have become symbols of happiness. People often assume that the rich and famous have very rewarding lives just because of their status. We often assume that life would be better if we were in other peoples shoes. The reality of the situation is that quality of life does not depend directly on what others think about us or what we own, but rather how we feel about ourselves and what happens to us in our everyday lives. Some people today suffer from affluenza, the bloated, sluggish and unfulfilled feeling that results from efforts to keep up with the Joneses.It is an epidemic of stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness caused by dogged pursuit of the American Dream. In laymans terms, affluenza is experienced when people have the mentality that their possessions is what defines them as an individual. This is not to say that having nice things, being famous, or being is peak physical condition are irrelevant to happiness. These things can be genuine blessings but only if they make us feel better without having to sacrifice other important aspects of our life. Research on happiness suggests that in general, there is a mild correlation between wealth and well-being. Given these observations, instead of worrying about how to make a million dollars or how to win friends and influence people, it seems more beneficial to find out how everyday life can be made more harmonious and more satisfying, and thus achieve by a direct route what cannot be reached through the pursuit of symbolic goals (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 91). How Leisure, Recreation and Play walk out Quality of Life Everyone is familiar with stress. We experience it in varying forms and degrees every day. In small doses, stress can actually be beneficial to us.It is only when the stress becomes too great, affecting our physical or mental functioning, that it becomes a problem. The stress response of the body is meant to protect and support us. To maintain stability or homeostasis, the body is constantly adjusting to its surroundings. When a physical or mental event threatens this equilibrium, we react to it. This process is often referred to as the fight or flight response. We prepar e for physical action in order to confront or flee a threat. When it is part of a natural reaction to challenge or danger, the bodys response is called positive stress.However, when you feel out of control or under intense pressure, you may experience the physical, emotional, or relational symptoms brought on by negative stress. Stress can cause both physical and emotional in an individuals life. Stress adversely affects reproduction, sexual behavior, and growth. Stress inhibits the repellent system, making you more vulnerable to colds, flu, fatigue and infections. Leisure, recreation and play are natural ways to reduce negative stress that builds up in the body therefore improving ones quality of life.The human body is like any other system in nature. If we dont have ways to vent our stress from everyday life through activities that are pleasurable, we will start to experience the negative side effects of stress. Final Thoughts My thoughts on the subject of leisure, recreation, an d play before this paper could not be further from where my thoughts are now. I feel that too much emphasis is placed on unimportant things today. Society, more so than ever, has gotten into the habit of treating the symptoms of people, instead of treating the individual.I feel that having a better understanding of the concepts of recreation, leisure, and play and the role they play in your life will at long last lead to a happier and hopefully longer life. Refrences Braaf, E. (2003). Why animals love to play. Retrieved September 20, 2006, from Find Articles Website http//www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa4128/ is_200311/ai_n9307508/pg_1 Caillois, R. (1958). Man, play and games. Glencoe, IL The Free press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow The Psychology of optimal Experience. New York, NY. Harper and Row. Fairchild, H. (1944).Dictionary of sociology (pp. 251-252). New York, NY Philosophical Library. Godbey, G. (2003). Leisure in your life An exploration. State College, PA V enture Publishing. Gray, D. and Greben, S. (1974, July). Future Perspectives. Parks and recreation, 61, 49 Hiuzinga, J. (1950). valet de chambre ludens A study of the play element in culture. Boston, MA Beacon Press Martin, A. (1975, March). Leisure and our inner resources. Parks and Recreation, 69. 1-16 Neulinger, J. (1974). The psychology of leisure Research approaches to the study of leisure. Springfield, IL Charles Thomas Publishers.